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Networking & Distributed

How machines talk, route, recover from errors, and agree. · 19 topics

Models & Topologies

OSI & TCP/IP Model→

Watch data get encapsulated layer by layer.

Network Topologies→

Bus, star, ring, and mesh — how nodes connect.

Error Detection & Correction

Parity & Checksum→

Catch bit errors with parity and a checksum.

Cyclic redundancy check by polynomial division.

Hamming Code→

Place parity bits to detect and correct a bit flip.

Flow & Error Control (ARQ)

Stop-and-Wait ARQ→

Send one frame, wait for its ACK, repeat.

Go-Back-N ARQ→

A sliding window; on loss, resend from N.

Selective Repeat ARQ→

Buffer out-of-order frames, resend only the lost one.

Medium Access (MAC)

ALOHA (Pure & Slotted)→

Random access — collisions and retransmissions.

CSMA/CD (Ethernet)→

Listen before talking; detect and back off on collision.

Network Layer · Routing

IP Addressing & Subnetting→

Split an address block into subnets with masks.

Distance Vector Routing→

Routers swap tables; Bellman-Ford converges.

Link State Routing→

Flood the map, then Dijkstra the shortest paths.

Transport Layer

TCP 3-Way Handshake→

SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK on a sequence diagram.

TCP Congestion Control→

Slow start, AIMD, and the congestion window.

Application Layer & Security

DNS Resolution→

Resolve a name: root → TLD → authoritative.

Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange→

Two parties agree a shared secret in the open.

Distributed Systems

Raft Consensus→

Leader election and log replication.

Lamport & Vector Clocks→

Order events without a shared clock.