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Operating Systems

From processes and scheduling to memory, deadlock, files, and Linux. · 20 topics

Foundations

Operating System Basics→

What an OS is: kernel, the user/kernel boundary, history.

Batch, time-sharing, real-time, multiprogramming, distributed.

System Calls & Services→

User → kernel trap; OS services and system programs.

Virtual Machines→

The virtual-machine abstraction and hypervisors.

Processes & CPU Scheduling

Process vs Thread→

Process concept, the PCB, and threads of execution.

Process States→

New → Ready → Running → Waiting → Terminated.

CPU Scheduling→

FCFS, SJF, Round-Robin on a Gantt chart.

Synchronization & Deadlock

Mutex / Semaphore→

Threads queue on the critical section.

Classical Sync Problems→

Producer-consumer, readers-writers, dining philosophers.

A cycle in the resource-allocation graph.

Banker's Algorithm→

Deadlock avoidance via safe sequences.

Memory & Virtual Memory

Memory Paging→

Virtual → physical translation and page faults.

Allocation & Fragmentation→

Contiguous allocation; internal vs external fragmentation.

Segmentation→

Segment tables and logical address spaces.

Page Replacement→

FIFO, LRU, Optimal, Clock; frames and faults.

File Systems & Disk

File Allocation→

Contiguous, linked, and indexed allocation.

Directory & Free Space→

Directory structures and free-space management.

Disk Scheduling→

FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, LOOK seek paths.

Linux

Linux Basics→

History, architecture, the shell, and file structure.

Linux Commands→

Essential commands and the filesystem hierarchy.